This ceremony was also at a later date adopted by the Roman Church in its liturgy. The 'Sacramentarium Gelasianum' and the 'Missale Francorum' contain the same rite with the prayers used on this occasion.Īccording to these the ostiaries are first instructed in their duties by the archdeacon after this he brings them before the bishop who takes the keys of the church from the altar and hands them to the candidate for ordination with the words: 'Fulfil thine office to show that thou knowest that thou wilt give account to God concerning the things that are locked away under these keys.' Then follows a prayer for the candidate and a prayer for the occasion that the bishop pronounces over him. įor the Gallican Rite, short statements concerning the ordination of the lower orders, among them that of the ostiaries, are found in the 'Statuta ecclesiæ antiqua' a collection of canons which appeared at Arles about the beginning of the sixth century. There are no special prayers or ceremonies for the ordination of the lower clergy in the oldest liturgical books of the Roman Church.

The clergy of the three lower grades (minor orders) were united at Rome into the Schola cantorum (choir) and as such took part in the church ceremonies. In Rome itself this office attained to no particular development, as a large part of these duties, namely the physical work necessary in the church building, what is now probably the duty of the sexton, was at Rome performed by the mansionarii. In his letter of 11 March 494, to the bishops of southern Italy and Sicily, Pope Gelasius says that for admission into the clergy it was necessary that the candidate could read (must, therefore, have a certain amount of education), for without this prerequisite an applicant could, at the most, only fill the office of an ostiary. In a law of 377 of the Codex Theodosianus intended for the Vicariate of Italy, the ostiaries are also mentioned among the clergy who have a right to personal immunity. In Western Europe the office of the ostiary was the lowest grade of the minor clergy. According to the statement of the Liber Pontificalis, an ostiary named Romanus suffered martyrdom in 258 at the same time as St. They are first referred to in the letter of Pope Cornelius to Bishop Fabius of Antioch written in 251, where it is said that there were then at Rome 46 priests, 7 deacons, 7 subdeacons, 42 acolytes, and 52 exorcists, lectors, and ostiaries, or doorkeepers.

When, from the end of the second century, the Christian communities began to own houses for holding church services and for purposes of administration, church ostiaries are soon mentioned, at least for the larger cities. A basilica originally served as a Roman court of law, and it was the duty of the ostiarius to regulate the approach of litigants to the judge. In the Roman period all houses of the upper classes had an ostiarius, or ostiary, whose duties were considered very inferior. The same rols listed Richard Doreward in Essex.Porter denoted among the Romans the slave whose duty it was to guard the entrance of the house. Later several lines descended in Scotland but the name continued to flourish to the south in Essex where Geoffrey Durward was recorded in the Hundredorum Rolls of 1273. He was the son of Thomas Ostiarius, who was a benefactor to the monks of Arbroath, and a signatory to at least one charter of Alexander II, dated between 12 A.D.

We do know he was better known by his Latin name at the time, Alanus Ostiarius, Hostiarius, Dyrwart 'Le Usher' and he died in 1268. On his death his lands were divided between three daughters. However, Alan married an natural born daughter of King Alexander of Scotland and eventually became Regent and justicair of Scotland. Whether the name was an office to which Alan Durward, son of de Lundin, succeeded in 1204, or whether it was a Norman noble, Reiner Dureward from Norfolk who moved north at this time conjectural. The family name became associated with the de Lundins. The Pictish influence on Scottish history diminished after Kenneth Macalpine became King of all Scotland.īut those east coast families still played an important role in government and were more accessible to Government than their western highland counterparts. The surname Dorwarde was first found in the Valley of the River Dee, where they held a family seat in their territories.

Ostiarius latin